????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? "???? ??" ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????

??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
1. ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????
???? ???? ?????? ??? 1,400°? (2,552°?) ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????
??? ???? ??? ?????- ????? ??????? ??? 70% ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? 0.03 W/m·K ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?15–30% ??????
??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????